The LSM used in this study is the three-layer version of the ISBA model (Noilhan and Mahfouf 1996). ISBA is imbedded into Surface Externalisée (SURFEX) (Martin et al. 2007; Le Moigne 2009; Salgado and LeMoigne 2010), which is the surface modeling platform of Météo-France. SURFEX can be used offline, forced by atmospheric analyses (or by local meteorological observations), or online, coupled with an atmospheric model. SURFEX is used for operational and research applications, either offline (e.g., Gibelin et al. 2006) or online (e.g., Sarrat et al. 2009). In this study, SURFEX is used offline and there is no feedback from the surface to the atmosphere. The radiative atmospheric forcing comes from the SAFRAN system or from the LSA SAF satellite data.
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